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Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural Nursing Theory

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By Angelo Gonzalo, BSN, RN

Madeleine Leininger is a nursing theorist who developed the Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care Nursing Theory. Get to know Madeleine Leininger’s biography, theory application, and major concepts in this nursing theory study guide.

Table of Contents

Biography of Madeleine Leininger

Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August 10, 2012) was an internationally known educator, author, theorist, administrator, researcher, consultant, public speaker, and the developer of the concept of transcultural nursing that has a great impact on how to deal with patients of different culture and cultural background.

She is a Certified Transcultural Nurse, a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in Australia, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing. Her theory is now a nursing discipline that is an integral part of how nurses practice in the healthcare field today.

Early Life

Madeleine Leininger was born on July 13, 1925, in Sutton, Nebraska. She lived on a farm with her four brothers and sisters and graduated from Sutton High School. After graduation from Sutton High, she was in the U.S. Army Nursing Corps while pursuing a basic nursing program. Her aunt, who had congenital heart disease, led her to pursue a career in nursing.

Education

In 1945, Madeleine Leininger, together with her sister, entered the Cadet Nurse Corps, a federally-funded program to increase the number of nurses trained to meet anticipated needs during World War II.

She earned a nursing diploma from St. Anthony’s Hospital School of Nursing, followed by undergraduate degrees at Mount St. Scholastica College and Creighton University.

Leininger opened a psychiatric nursing service and educational program at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska. She earned the equivalent of a BSN through her studies in biological sciences, nursing administration, teaching, and curriculum during 1951-1954.

Madeleine Leininger of Sutton

She received a Master of Science in Nursing from the Catholic University of America in 1954.

And in 1965, Leininger embarked upon a doctoral program in Cultural and Social Anthropology at the University of Washington in Seattle and became the first professional nurse to earn a Ph.D. in anthropology.

Career and Appointments of Madeleine Leininger

While working in a child guidance home during the 1950s, Madeleine Leininger experienced what she described as a cultural shock when she realized that children’s recurrent behavioral patterns appeared to have a cultural basis. She identified a lack of cultural and care knowledge as the missing link to nursing.

In 1954, she moved on to serve as Associate Professor of Nursing and Director of the Graduate Program in Psychiatric Nursing at the University of Cincinnati. She also studied in this university, pursuing further graduate studies in curriculum, social sciences, and nursing.

Leininger together with a group of Gadsup children on a return trip to Papua New Guinea probably in 1990.
Leininger, together with a group of Gadsup children on a return trip to Papua New Guinea probably in 1990.

She was the first in the 1960s to coin the concept of “culturally congruent care,” which was the goal of the Theory of Culture Care, and today the concept is being used globally.

Leininger was appointed Professor of Nursing and Anthropology at the University of Colorado — the first joint appointment of a nursing professor and a second discipline in the United States.

As for being a pioneer nurse anthropologist, Leininger was appointed Dean of the University of Washington, School of Nursing in 1969 and remained in that position until 1974. In 1973, under her leadership, the University of Washington was recognized as the outstanding public institutional school of nursing in the United States.

Her appointment followed a trip to New Guinea in the 1960s that opened her eyes to the need for nurses to understand their patients’ culture and background to provide care. She is considered by some to be the “Margaret Mead of nursing” and is recognized worldwide as the founder of transcultural nursing, a program that she created at the School in 1974.

Leininger visited and studied more than a dozen cultures worldwide.
Leininger visited and studied more than a dozen cultures worldwide.

From 1974 to 1980, Leininger served as Dean, Professor of Nursing, Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, and Director of the Center for Nursing Research and the Doctoral and Transcultural Nursing Programs at the University of Utah College Nursing.

She was the first full-time President of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing and one of the first members of the American Academy of Nursing in 1975.

Leininger’s professional career is recognized as an educator and academic administrator from 1956 to 1995, a writer from 1961 to 1995, a lecturer from 1965 to 1995, a consultant from 1971 to 1992, and a leader in the field of transcultural nursing from 1966 to 1995.

She was Professor Emeritus of Nursing at Wayne State University and an adjunct faculty member at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha and retired as the former in 1995.

Her official certifications read LL (Living Legend), Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy), LHD (Doctor of Human Sciences), DS (Doctor of Science), CTN (Doctor of Science), RN (Registered Nurse), FAAN (Fellow American Academy of Nursing), and FRCNA (Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in Australia).

Transcultural Nursing Theory

Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Worldwide Nursing Theory
Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Worldwide Nursing Theory

Through her observations, while working as a nurse, Madeleine Leininger identified a lack of cultural and care knowledge as the missing component to a nurse’s understanding of the many variations required inpatient care to support compliance, healing, and wellness, which led her to develop the theory of Transcultural Nursing also known as Culture Care Theory.

This theory attempts to provide culturally congruent nursing care through “cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor-made to fit with the individual, group’s, or institution’s cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways.”

Leininger’s theory’s main focus is for nursing care to fit with or have beneficial meaning and health outcomes for people of different or similar cultural backgrounds. With these, she has developed the Sunrise Model in a logical order to demonstrate the interrelationships of the concepts in her theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality.

Transcultural Nursing Theory is discussed further below.

Culture Care Diversity & Universality: A Theory of Nursing
Culture Care Diversity & Universality: A Theory of Nursing

Works

Leininger wrote and edited 27 books and founded the Journal of Transcultural Nursing to support the Transcultural Nursing Society’s research, which she started in 1974. She published over 200 articles and book chapters, produced numerous audio and video recordings, and developed a software program. She has also given over 850 keynote and public lectures in the US and around the world.

She also established the Journal of Transcultural Nursing and served as editor from 1989 to 1995. She also initiated and promoted transcultural nurses’ worldwide certification (CTN) for client safety and knowledgeable care for people of diverse cultures.

Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theories, Research and Practice
Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theories, Research and Practice

Her web pages now reside on a discussion board. Leininger has provided downloads and answers to many common questions. Board users are encouraged to post questions to her discussion board about transcultural nursing, her theory, and her research. During her time, Leininger enjoys helping students, and she responds to questions as her time permits.

Awards and Honors

In 1960, Leininger was awarded a National League of Nursing Fellowship for fieldwork in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea. She studied the convergence and divergence of human behavior in two Gadsup villages.

While at Wayne State, Leininger won numerous awards, including the prestigious President’s Award for Excellence in Teaching, the Board of Governors Distinguished Faculty Award, and the Gershenson Research Fellowship Award.

Qualitative Research Methods in Nursing
Qualitative Research Methods in Nursing

In 1998, she was honored as a Living Legend by the American Academy of Nursing and Distinguished Fellow, Royal College of Nursing in Australia.

The Leininger Transcultural Nursing Award was established in 1983 to recognize outstanding and creative leaders in transcultural nursing. This prestigious award will continue as the Leininger Transcultural Nursing Award under the Transcultural Nursing Society’s auspices in Madeleine Leininger’s honor.

Death

On August 10th, 2012, Leininger passed away at her home in Omaha, Nebraska. She was buried in Sutton’s Calvary Cemetery.

Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Theory

The Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care Theory by Madeleine Leininger involves knowing and understanding different cultures concerning nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs, and values to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care services to people’s cultural values health-illness context.

It focuses on the fact that different cultures have different caring behaviors and different health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.

The cultural care worldview flows into knowledge about individuals, families, groups, communities, and institutions in diverse health care systems. This knowledge provides culturally specific meanings and expressions about care and health. The next focus is on the generic or folk system, professional care system(s), and nursing care. Information about these systems includes the characteristics and the specific care features of each. This information allows for the identification of similarities and differences or cultural care universality and cultural care diversity.

Next are nursing care decisions and actions which involve cultural care preservation/maintenance, cultural care accommodation/negotiation, and cultural care re-patterning or restructuring. It is here that nursing care is delivered.

Description

In 1995, Madeleine Leininger defined transcultural nursing as “a substantive area of study and practiced focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures to provide culture-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable human conditions, illness, or death in culturally meaningful ways.”

The Transcultural Nursing Theory first appeared in Leininger’s Culture Care Diversity and Universality, published in 1991, but it was developed in the 1950s. The theory was further developed in her book Transcultural Nursing, which was published in 1995. In the third edition of Transcultural Nursing, published in 2002, the theory-based research and the Transcultural theory application are explained.

Major Concepts of the Transcultural Nursing Theory

The following are the major concepts and their definitions in Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Theory.

Transcultural Nursing

Transcultural nursing is defined as a learned subfield or branch of nursing that focuses upon the comparative study and analysis of cultures concerning nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs, and values to provide meaningful and efficacious nursing care services to their cultural values and health-illness context.

Ethnonursing

This is the study of nursing care beliefs, values, and practices as cognitively perceived and known by a designated culture through their direct experience, beliefs, and value system (Leininger, 1979).

Nursing

Nursing is defined as a learned humanistic and scientific profession and discipline which is focused on human care phenomena and activities to assist, support, facilitate, or enable individuals or groups to maintain or regain their well-being (or health) in culturally meaningful and beneficial ways, or to help people face handicaps or death.

Professional Nursing Care (Caring)

Professional nursing care (caring) is defined as formal and cognitively learned professional care knowledge and practice skills obtained through educational institutions that are used to provide assistive, supportive, enabling, or facilitative acts to or for another individual or group to improve a human health condition (or well-being), disability, lifeway, or to work with dying clients.

Cultural Congruent (Nursing) Care

Cultural congruent (nursing) care is defined as those cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are tailor-made to fit with the individual, group, or institutional, cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways to provide or support meaningful, beneficial, and satisfying health care, or well-being services.

Health

It is a state of well-being that is culturally defined, valued, and practiced. It reflects individuals’ (or groups) ‘ ability to perform their daily role activities in culturally expressed, beneficial, and patterned lifeways.

Human Beings

Such are believed to be caring and capable of being concerned about others’ needs, well-being, and survival. Leininger also indicates that nursing as a caring science should focus beyond traditional nurse-patient interactions and dyads to include families, groups, communities, total cultures, and institutions.

Society and Environment

Leininger did not define these terms; she speaks instead of worldview, social structure, and environmental context.

Worldview

Worldview is how people look at the world, or the universe, and form a “picture or value stance” about the world and their lives.

Cultural and Social Structure Dimensions

Cultural and social structure dimensions are defined as involving the dynamic patterns and features of interrelated structural and organizational factors of a particular culture (subculture or society) which includes religious, kinship (social), political (and legal), economic, educational, technological, and cultural values, ethnohistorical factors, and how these factors may be interrelated and function to influence human behavior in different environmental contexts.

Environmental Context

Environmental context is the totality of an event, situation, or particular experience that gives meaning to human expressions, interpretations, and social interactions in particular physical, ecological, sociopolitical, and/or cultural settings.

Culture

Culture is learned, shared, and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a particular group that guides their thinking, decisions, and actions in patterned ways.

Culture Care

Culture care is defined as the subjectively and objectively learned and transmitted values, beliefs, and patterned lifeways that assist, support, facilitate, or enable another individual or group to maintain their well-being, health, improve their human condition lifeway, or deal with illness, handicaps or death.

Culture Care Diversity

Culture care diversity indicates the variabilities and/or differences in meanings, patterns, values, lifeways, or symbols of care within or between collectives related to assistive, supportive, or enabling human care expressions.

Culture Care Universality

Culture care universality indicates the common, similar, or dominant uniform care meanings, patterns, values, lifeways, or symbols manifest among many cultures and reflect assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling ways to help people. (Leininger, 1991)

Subconcepts

The following are the subconcepts of the Transcultural Nursing Theory of Madeleine Leininger and their definitions:

Generic (Folk or Lay) Care Systems

Generic (folk or lay) care systems are culturally learned and transmitted, indigenous (or traditional), folk (home-based) knowledge and skills used to provide assistive, supportive, enabling, or facilitative acts toward or for another individual, group, or institution with evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve a human life way, health condition (or well-being), or to deal with handicaps and death situations.

Emic

Knowledge gained from direct experience or directly from those who have experienced it. It is generic or folk knowledge.

Professional Care Systems

Professional care systems are defined as formally taught, learned, and transmitted professional care, health, illness, wellness, and related knowledge and practice skills that prevail in professional institutions, usually with multidisciplinary personnel to serve consumers.

Etic

The knowledge that describes the professional perspective. It is professional care knowledge.

Ethnohistory

Ethnohistory includes those past facts, events, instances, experiences of individuals, groups, cultures, and instructions that are primarily people-centered (ethno) and describe, explain, and interpret human lifeways within particular cultural contexts over short or long periods of time.

Care

Care as a noun is defined as those abstract and concrete phenomena related to assisting, supporting, or enabling experiences or behaviors toward or for others with evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve a human condition or lifeway.

Care

Care as a verb is defined as actions and activities directed toward assisting, supporting, or enabling another individual or group with evident or anticipated needs to ameliorate or improve a human condition or lifeway or face death.

Culture Shock

Culture shock may result when an outsider attempts to comprehend or adapt effectively to a different cultural group. The outsider is likely to experience feelings of discomfort and helplessness and some degree of disorientation because of the differences in cultural values, beliefs, and practices. Culture shock may lead to anger and can be reduced by seeking knowledge of the culture before encountering that culture.

Cultural Imposition

Cultural imposition refers to the outsider’s efforts, both subtle and not so subtle, to impose their own cultural values, beliefs, behaviors upon an individual, family, or group from another culture. (Leininger, 1978)

Sunrise Model of Madeleine Leininger’s Theory

The Sunrise Model is relevant because it enables nurses to develop critical and complex thoughts about nursing practice. These thoughts should consider and integrate cultural and social structure dimensions in each specific context, besides nursing care’s biological and psychological aspects.

Madeleine Leininger's Sunrise Model
Madeleine Leininger’s Sunrise Model. Click to enlarge.

The cultural care worldview flows into knowledge about individuals, families, groups, communities, and institutions in diverse health care systems. This knowledge provides culturally specific meanings and expressions concerning care and health. The next focus is on the generic or folk system, professional care systems, and nursing care. Information about these systems includes the characteristics and the specific care features of each. This information allows for the identification of similarities and differences or cultural care universality and cultural care diversity.

Next are nursing care decisions and actions which involve cultural care preservation or maintenance, cultural care accommodation or negotiation, and cultural care repatterning or restructuring. It is here that nursing care is delivered.

Three modes of nursing care decisions and actions

Cultural care preservation or Maintenance

Cultural care preservation is also known as maintenance. It includes those assistive, supporting, facilitative, or enabling professional actions and decisions that help people of a particular culture to retain and/or preserve relevant care values so that they can maintain their well-being, recover from illness, or face handicaps and/or death.

Cultural care accommodation or Negotiation

Cultural care accommodation, also known as negotiation, includes those assistive, supportive, facilitative, or enabling creative professional actions and decisions that help people of a designated culture to adapt to or negotiate with others for a beneficial or satisfying health outcome with professional care providers.

Culture care repatterning or Restructuring

Culture care repatterning or restructuring includes those assistive, supporting, facilitative, or enabling professional actions and decisions that help clients reorder, change, or greatly modify their lifeways for new, different, and beneficial health care pattern while respecting the clients’ cultural values and beliefs and still providing a beneficial or healthier lifeway than before the changes were established with the clients. (Leininger, 1991)

Assumptions

The following are the assumptions of Madeleine Leininger’s theory:

  • Different cultures perceive, know, and practice care differently, yet there are some commonalities about care among all world cultures.
  • Values, beliefs, and practices for culturally related care are shaped by, and often embedded in, “the worldview, language, religious (or spiritual), kinship (social), political (or legal), educational, economic, technological, ethnohistorical, and environmental context of the culture.
  • While human care is universal across cultures, caring may be demonstrated through diverse expressions, actions, patterns, lifestyles, and meanings.
  • Cultural care is the broadest holistic means to know, explain, interpret, and predict nursing care phenomena to guide nursing care practices.
  • All cultures have generic or folk health care practices, that professional practices vary across cultures, and that there will be cultural similarities and differences between the care-receivers (generic) and the professional caregivers in any culture.
  • Care is the distinct, dominant, unifying, and central focus of nursing, and while curing and healing cannot occur effectively without care, care may occur without a cure.
  • Care and caring are essential for humans’ survival and their growth, health, well-being, healing, and ability to deal with handicaps and death.
  • Nursing, as a transcultural care discipline and profession, has a central purpose of serving human beings in all areas of the world; that when culturally based nursing care is beneficial and healthy, it contributes to the well-being of the client(s) – whether individuals, groups, families, communities, or institutions – as they function within the context of their environments.
  • Nursing care will be culturally congruent or beneficial only when the nurse knows the clients. The clients’ patterns, expressions, and cultural values are used in appropriate and meaningful ways by the nurse with the clients.
  • If clients receive nursing care that is not at least reasonably culturally congruent (that is, compatible with and respectful of the clients’ lifeways, beliefs, and values), the client will demonstrate signs of stress, noncompliance, cultural conflicts, and/or ethical or moral concerns.

Analysis

In Leininger’s nursing theory, it was stated that the nurse would help the client move towards amelioration or improvement of their health practice or condition. This statement would be of great difficulty for the nurse because instilling new ideas in a different culture might present an intrusive intent for the “insiders.” Culture is a strong set of practices developed over generations that would make it difficult to penetrate.

The whole activity of immersing yourself within a different culture is time-consuming to understand their beliefs and practices fully. Another is that it would be costly on the part of the nurse.

Because of its financial constraints and unclear ways of being financially compensated, it can be the reason why nurses do not engage much with this kind of nursing approach.

Because of the intrusive nature, resistance from the “insiders” might impose a risk to the nurse’s safety, especially for cultures with highly taboo practices.

It is highly commendable that Leininger formulated a theory that is specified to a multicultural aspect of care. On the other side, too much was given to the culture concept per se that Leininger failed to discuss the functions or roles of nurses comprehensively. It was not stated how to assist, support or enable the client to attuning them to an improved lifeway.

Strengths

  • Leininger has developed the Sunrise Model in a logical order to demonstrate the interrelationships of the concepts in her theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality.
  • Leininger’s theory is essentially parsimonious in that the necessary concepts are incorporated in such a manner that the theory and its model can be applied in many different settings.
  • It is highly generalizable. The concepts and relationships presented are at a level of abstraction, which allows them to be applied in many different situations.
  • Though not simple in terms, it can be easily understood upon the first contact.

Weakness

  • The theory and model are not simple in terms.

Conclusion

According to transcultural nursing, nursing care aims to provide care congruent with cultural values, beliefs, and practices.

Cultural knowledge plays a vital role for nurses on how to deal with the patients. To start, it helps nurses to be aware of how the patient’s culture and faith system provide resources for their experiences with illness, suffering, and even death. It helps nurses understand and respect the diversity that is often present in a nurse’s patient load. It also helps strengthen a nurse’s commitment to nursing based on nurse-patient relationships and emphasizing the whole person rather than viewing the patient as simply a set of symptoms or illness. Finally, using cultural knowledge to treat a patient also helps a nurse be open-minded to treatments that can be considered non-traditional, such as spiritually based therapies like meditation and anointing.

Nowadays, nurses must be sensitive to their patients’ cultural backgrounds when creating a nursing plan. This is especially important since so many people’s culture is so integral in who they are as individuals, and it is that culture that can greatly affect their health and their reactions to treatments and care. With these, awareness of the differences allows the nurse to design culture-specific nursing interventions.

Through Leininger’s theory, nurses can observe how a patient’s cultural background is related to their health and use that knowledge to create a nursing plan that will help the patient get healthy quickly while still being sensitive to his or her cultural background.

Recommended books and resources to learn more about nursing theory:

Disclosure: Included below are affiliate links from Amazon at no additional cost from you. We may earn a small commission from your purchase. For more information, check out our privacy policy.

  • Nursing Theorists and Their Work (10th Edition) by Alligood
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  • Nursing Knowledge and Theory Innovation, Second Edition: Advancing the Science of Practice (2nd Edition)
    This text for graduate-level nursing students focuses on the science and philosophy of nursing knowledge development. It is distinguished by its focus on practical applications of theory for scholarly, evidence-based approaches. The second edition features important updates and a reorganization of information to better highlight the roles of theory and major philosophical perspectives.
  • Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice (5th Edition)
    The only nursing research and theory book with primary works by the original theorists. Explore the historical and contemporary theories that are the foundation of nursing practice today. The 5th Edition, continues to meet the needs of today’s students with an expanded focus on the middle range theories and practice models.
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    The clearest, most useful introduction to theory development methods. Reflecting vast changes in nursing practice, it covers advances both in theory development and in strategies for concept, statement, and theory development. It also builds further connections between nursing theory and evidence-based practice.
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    This nursing book’s ability to break down complex ideas is part of what made this book a three-time recipient of the AJN Book of the Year award. This edition includes five completely new chapters of content essential for nursing books. New exemplars linking middle range theory to advanced nursing practice make it even more useful and expand the content to make it better.
  • Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice
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  • Nursing Research (11th Edition)
    AJN award-winning authors Denise Polit and Cheryl Beck detail the latest methodologic innovations in nursing, medicine, and the social sciences. The updated 11th Edition adds two new chapters designed to help students ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of research methods. Extensively revised content throughout strengthens students’ ability to locate and rank clinical evidence.

See Also

Recommended site resources related to nursing theory:

Other resources related to nursing theory:

References and Sources

  • Transcultural Nursing Society. (n.d.). Transcultural Nursing Society. Retrieved August 1, 2014, from https://www.tcns.org/
  • Tributes to Dr. Madeleine Leininger. (n.d.). Tributes to Dr. Madeleine Leininger. Retrieved August 1, 2014, from https://www.madeleine-leininger.com/
  • Leininger, M. (1978). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, and practices. In George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for professional nursing practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.
  • Leininger, M. (1979). Transcultural nursing. In George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for professional nursing practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.
  • Leininger, M. M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing. In George, J. (Ed.). Nursing theories: the base for professional nursing practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.

Further Reading

With contributions by Wayne, G., Vera, M. 

Originally published on August 24, 2014.

Angelo Gonzalo earned his Nursing degree in the year 2010 and continued his studies at St. Paul University Manila taking up Masters of Arts in Nursing Major in Clinical Management. He worked as an intensive care nurse for more than six years. He advocates for proper training and development of new nurses, quality assurance and compassionate care. He has also been involved in community development for 10 years steering programs on good governance, health, sports, and education. Angelo aims to build a good foundation for aspiring nurses. He would like to impart the importance of understanding nursing theories that he hopes to be translated successfully to practice.

46 thoughts on “Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural Nursing Theory”

  1. How are you ,Thank you for updating the Transcultural nursing model.I would like to use this model in my PhD thesis .It is very good as it touches the aspect of provision of quality nursing care in a global view. Professor Madeline used a holistic approach which changes our nursing care in view of patients from all walks of life disabled (blind,deaf,handicapped) etc.

    Reply
  2. Thank you for updating the Transcultural Nursing Model. I’m Sr. Jessica, SPC of St. Paul’s Hospital of Iloilo. May l share your work as a reference for St. Paul University Iloilo students?

    Thank you and Godbless all your endeavours!

    Caritas Christi Urget Nos

    Reply
    • Hello Sr. Jessica, Please feel free to use any resources on the site as long as they can help our students and educators. :) God bless!

      Reply
  3. Good afternoon. I am asking permission to use Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Model as a graphic in my EdD Dissertation that I am currently working on for nurses’ self-report of cultural competence.

    Reply
  4. Hello and thank you for this tremendous overview of Transcultural Nursing Theories! I would like to request permission to use the Sunrise enabler graphic for my Capstone graduate project. Using this longstanding theory to address inequities in healthcare.
    With gratitude,

    Reply
  5. Hello, Thank you for this article. May I use the image of the Sunrise Model and the general information in the text in a PowerPoint for a class in my nursing Masters?

    Reply
  6. Hello,
    This is Beverly a MSN student. I am requesting permission to use your image of the sunrise enabler for my Capstone poster. Thank you!

    Reply
  7. Hello. I would like to request the usage of the Sunrise model and graphic for my class presentation. I am a MSN student.

    Reply
  8. Hi! I’m an MSN student, I would like to ask permission to use the graphic of the Sunrise Model for a class presentation. Thanks!

    Reply
  9. Thank you for your comprehensive look at the Transcultural Nursing Model. I would like to use the graphic of Leininger’s Sunrise Model for an infographic in my MSN course.

    Reply
  10. Could you please share the correct citation for this website.
    Would the author be Angelo Gonzalo, BSN, RN?
    Thank you, Catie

    Reply
  11. Hi,
    I am a MSN student and I would like to use the graphic of Leininger’s Sunrise Model for my model class presentation. Thank you.

    Reply
  12. Dear the authors, I would like to use the sunrise model of Professor Leininger to teach transcultural care nursing for my students. I saw the copyright sign in the model. Do I need to get permission from her to use the model? Thank you in advance.

    Reply
  13. Respected Authors,
    I am an MScN student and I would like to you sunrise model from you page. Could you please allow me to utilize it for my presentation.
    Regards,

    Reply
  14. I am a student in a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) program. I will be conducting a DNP project using the Madeleine Leininger’s theory and would like to request permission to use the Sunshine Model listed on your website.

    Reply
  15. I am a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) student. I am requesting permission to use the Madeleine Leininger’s theory Sunshine Model listed on your website for my practice project.
    Reply

    Reply
  16. I appreciate Madeleine Leininger, Even today this theory plays a precise role in our nursing practice, I think clinicians understand our client’s culture and set a better standard of treatment with successful healing results.

    Reply
  17. Hello, I am getting mixed information for referencing. Could you please reply with a correct citation for APA7?
    Thank you very much.

    Reply
  18. Hello, I am a DNP student. I am requesting permission to use Madeleine Leininger’s theory Sunshine Model listed on your website for my scholarly practice project. Please kindly reply, I will need it for my project submission, please. Thank you

    Reply
    • Hello Princess,

      I’m glad to hear that you find Madeleine Leininger’s Sunshine Model valuable for your scholarly practice project. You have our permission to utilize the information listed on our website. We believe in supporting academic pursuits and are pleased our resources can be of assistance to you. Please ensure to provide appropriate citations and references where needed.

      Wishing you all the best with your project! If you have any further questions or need additional information, feel free to reach out.

      Reply
    • Hi Violet, Of course! Feel free to use the information for your school activity. Just make sure to give appropriate credit if needed. Out of curiosity, what’s the topic of your activity? Always excited to hear how our content is being utilized!

      Reply
    • Hello Tawulleh, Absolutely! I’m glad you found the sunrise graphic useful. Feel free to use it in your dissertation, and best of luck with your BSN studies and dissertation work. If you need any additional resources or have questions, just reach out.

      Reply
    • Hi Nona, I’m thrilled to hear that our post on Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Theory is proving useful for your research project! Absolutely, feel free to cite the website in your work. If you need any specific formatting details or additional information, just let me know. Best of luck with your research!

      Reply
  19. Hello!
    I am currently writing an autoethnography research with regards to my transition of nursing practice abroad. I am hoping if I could use your sunrise model and provide me an APA format of your citation please? Thank you for your wonderful work/discussion about this topic.

    Best Regards,
    Vincent B., USRN

    Reply

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