Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a high pH (loss of hydrogen ions) and high plasma bicarbonate caused by excessive intake of sodium bicarbonate, loss of gastric/intestinal acid, renal excretion of hydrogen and chloride, prolonged hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, and hyperaldosteronism. Compensatory mechanisms include slow, shallow respirations to increase CO2 level and an increase of bicarbonate excretion and hydrogen reabsorption by the kidneys.
Nursing Care Plan
These are general interventions for patients with Metabolic Alkalosis.
Desired Outcomes
- Display serum bicarbonate and electrolytes WNL.
- Be free of symptoms of imbalance, e.g., absence of neurological impairment/irritability.
| Nursing Interventions | Rationale |
|---|---|
| Monitor respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth. | Hypoventilation is a compensatory mechanism to conserve carbonic acid and represents definite risks to the individual (hypoxemia and respiratory failure). |
| Assess level of consciousness and neuromuscular status, strength, tone, movement; note presence of Chvostek’s or Trousseau’s signs. | The CNS may be hyperirritable (increased pH of CNS fluid), resulting in tingling, numbness, dizziness, restlessness, or apathy and confusion. Hypocalcemia may contribute to tetany (although occurrence is rare). |
| Monitor heart rate and rhythm. | Atrial and ventricular ectopic beats and tachy dysrhythmias may develop. |
| Record amount and source of output. Monitor intake and daily weight. | Helpful in identifying source of ion loss and potassium and HCl are lost in vomiting and GI suctioning. |
| Restrict oral intake and reduce noxious environmental stimuli; use intermittent and low suction during NG suctioning; irrigate gastric tube with isotonic solutions rather than water. | Limits gastric losses of HCl, potassium, and calcium. |
| Provide seizures and safety precautions as indicated. Pad side rails, protect the airway, put bed in low position and frequent observation. | Changes in mentation and CNS or neuromuscular hyperirritability may result in patient harm, especially if tetany or convulsions occur. |
| Encourage intake of foods and fluids high in potassium and possibly calcium (dependent on blood level), canned grapefruit and apple juices, bananas, cauliflower, dried peaches, figs, and wheat germ. | Useful in replacing potassium losses when oral intake permitted. |
| Review medication regimen for use of diuretics, such as thiazides (Diuril, Hygroton), furosemide (Lasix), and ethacrynic acid (Edecrin). | Discontinuation of these potassium-losing drugs may prevent recurrence of imbalance. |
| Instruct patient to avoid use of excessive amounts of sodium bicarbonate. | Ulcer patients can cause alkalosis by taking baking soda and milk of magnesia in addition to prescribed alkaline antacids. |
| Assist with identification and treatment of underlying disorder. | Addressing the primary condition (prolonged vomiting and/or diarrhea, hyper aldosteronism, Cushing’s syndrome) promotes correction of the acid-base disorder. |
| Monitor laboratory studies as indicated: ABGs/pH, serum electrolytes (especially potassium), and BUN. | Evaluates therapy needs and effectiveness and monitors renal function. |
| Administer medications as indicated: | Correcting sodium, water, and chloride defects may be all that is needed to permit kidneys to excrete bicarbonate and correct alkalosis, but must be used with caution in patients with HF or renal insufficiency. |
| Sodium chloride PO/Ringer’s solution IV unless contraindicated | Hypokalemia is frequently present. Chloride is needed so kidney can absorb sodium with chloride, enhancing excretion of bicarbonate. |
| Ammonium chloride or arginine hydrochloride | Although used only in severe cases, ammonium chloride may be given to increase amount of circulating hydrogen ions. Monitor administration closely to prevent too rapid a decrease in pH, hemolysis of RBCs. Note: May cause rebound metabolic acidosis and is usually contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic failure. |
| Acetazolamide (Diamox) | A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that increases renal excretion of bicarbonate. |
| Spironolactone (Aldactone) | Effective in treating chloride-resistant alkalosis, e.g., Cushing’s syndrome. |
| Avoid or limit use of sedatives or hypnotics. | If respirations are depressed, may cause hypoxia and respiratory failure. |
| Encourage fluids IV/PO. | Replaces extracellular fluid losses, and adequate hydration facilities removal of pulmonary secretions to improve ventilation. |
| Administer supplemental O2 as indicated and respiratory treatments to improve ventilation. | Respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis is hypoventilation, which may cause decreased Pao2 levels or hypoxia. |
| Prepare patient for and assist with dialysis as needed. | Useful when renal dysfunction prevents clearance of bicarbonate. |
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Recommended Resources
Recommended nursing diagnosis and nursing care plan books and resources.
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Ackley and Ladwig’s Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care
We love this book because of its evidence-based approach to nursing interventions. This care plan handbook uses an easy, three-step system to guide you through client assessment, nursing diagnosis, and care planning. Includes step-by-step instructions showing how to implement care and evaluate outcomes, and help you build skills in diagnostic reasoning and critical thinking.
Nursing Care Plans – Nursing Diagnosis & Intervention (10th Edition)
Includes over two hundred care plans that reflect the most recent evidence-based guidelines. New to this edition are ICNP diagnoses, care plans on LGBTQ health issues, and on electrolytes and acid-base balance.
NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions & Classification, 2021-2023
The definitive guide to nursing diagnoses is reviewed and approved by NANDA International. In this new version of a pioneering text, all introductory chapters have been rewritten to provide nurses with the essential information they need to comprehend assessment, its relationship to diagnosis and clinical reasoning, and the purpose and application of taxonomic organization at the bedside. A total of 46 new nursing diagnoses and 67 amended nursing diagnostics are presented.
Nurse’s Pocket Guide: Diagnoses, Prioritized Interventions, and Rationales
Quick-reference tool includes all you need to identify the correct diagnoses for efficient patient care planning. The sixteenth edition includes the most recent nursing diagnoses and interventions from NANDA-I 2021-2023 and an alphabetized listing of nursing diagnoses covering more than 400 disorders.
Nursing Diagnosis Manual: Planning, Individualizing, and Documenting Client Care
Identify interventions to plan, individualize, and document care for more than 800 diseases and disorders. Only in the Nursing Diagnosis Manual will you find for each diagnosis subjectively and objectively – sample clinical applications, prioritized action/interventions with rationales – a documentation section, and much more!
All-in-One Nursing Care Planning Resource – E-Book: Medical-Surgical, Pediatric, Maternity, and Psychiatric-Mental Health
Includes over 100 care plans for medical-surgical, maternity/OB, pediatrics, and psychiatric and mental health. Interprofessional “patient problems” focus familiarizes you with how to speak to patients.
See also
Other recommended site resources for this nursing care plan:
- Nursing Care Plans (NCP): Ultimate Guide and Database MUST READ!
Over 150+ nursing care plans for different diseases and conditions. Includes our easy-to-follow guide on how to create nursing care plans from scratch. - Nursing Diagnosis Guide and List: All You Need to Know to Master Diagnosing
Our comprehensive guide on how to create and write diagnostic labels. Includes detailed nursing care plan guides for common nursing diagnostic labels.
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